Mooning Jupiter

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ThePhy

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Io​

Today’s subject of pastoral science is moons, or rather one moon in particular. On Jan 26 of 2001 Bob Enyart spent part of his BEL radio broadcast showing how Jupiter’s moon Io is evidence for a recent creation. The BEL Program is titled “Astronomical Evidence”. Starting at 22:00 in the program, Bob says:
Jupiter has 4 moons that Galileo discovered, and then other smaller rocks that are orbiting it. But of those 4 moons, one is Io, very close in. And it’s moving around Jupiter relatively quickly. Io’s a relatively, it’s a smaller moon. And what’s interesting about Io is it’s a rock. I think, I’m trying to estimate the size of Io. Way less than the size of Jupit … of Texas, I believe.

And it supposedly was created 4.5 billion years ago. Which would mean even if it was created out of molten rock, rock that was on fire, by now it would be cold and dead and hard. But we flew a, we flew a spaceship out past Io and it took this picture of a volcano erupting on the surface of Io. And that flipped out the evolutionists. Over and over and over they say, “This throws our theories out the window. We have to start over.” How could there be a fire still burning 4.5 billion years later? There shouldn’t be. It should be dead and cold. But if it was only created by God 6000 years ago, then it’s more than large enough to maintain a molten core and still be hot.
Never go camping with Bob​

Two years later he repeated this claim. On May 28, 2003, in the BEL program titled “There goes a great American”, starting at 50:05 we hear this:
How about the moon of Jupiter called Io? A little moon. And NASA sends a ship past Io, takes a photograph of it. Catches a volcano erupting. On little Io. That freaked out the evolutionists, and the evolutionary astronomers who figure that Io’s maybe, maybe 5 billion years old. And it’s so small if it was molten when it was formed, by now it should be a cold solid rock. No more volcanoes on it. And of course after the fact NASA has to say, “Oh yeah, well, we knew that.” Well they didn’t know that. They had to come up with a reason why it’s still hot.

It’d be like if somebody, if you went on a camping trip a year ago, and you had a campfire. And you went a year later and you found the campfire and you touched the rocks, and they were still hot. You’d say, “Well what’s with that?” Say, “Oh well, it’s still hot.” We had a campfire a year ago and it’s still hot. And somebody would say, “No it’s not still hot, you nitwit. Somebody had to be here - just left a few hours ago.”

“Oh no, I think it’s still hot from when we were here a year ago.”

Did you go to public school? How stupid can you be?

So with Io still a volcano, that’s an indication that the solar system is still young.
Both of these accounts of Io by Bob are collections of misinformation, ranging from scientific nonsense to blatant untruths
.
Evolutionists = Astrophysicists?​

Note Bob’s hatred of evolution bleeds through into his commentary on Io:
But we flew a, we flew a spaceship out past Io and it took this picture of a volcano erupting on the surface of Io. And that flipped out the evolutionists. Over and over and over they say, “This throws our theories out the window. (emphasis mine)
And
That freaked out the evolutionists, and the evolutionary astronomers…
I would let a single case of the use of the word “evolutionists” in place of astronomers pass as a slip of the tongue. But both times when he is discussing Io Bob makes that silly assertion. (In my experience, most astrophysicists are rather unconcerned with evolution. Most of them think it a viable theory, but the nitty-gritty details they leave to the biologists and geologists and such.)

Small???​
Io’s a relatively, it’s a smaller moon.
Bob can fall back on the use of “relatively” if he wants. With that qualifier, if Io is smaller than any other moon, then his statement stands. And indeed it is “smaller”. In our solar system, Io is surpassed in size by 3 other moons, Ganymede (also orbiting Jupiter), Titan (orbiting Saturn), and Callisto (orbiting Jupiter). It is a little bigger than the moon circling the earth, and bigger than more than 100 other “moons” found in our solar system. So Io ranks number 4 in size out of hundreds of "moons". I put “moons” in quotes, because there is not a precise size at which we say “this is a moon, but that slightly smaller orbiting body is not”.

Still cooking after 6000 years​

The most important part of Bob’s claim about Io, which he uses to show it must have been recently created, is:
How could there be a fire still burning 4.5 billion years later? There shouldn’t be. It should be dead and cold. But if it was only created by God 6000 years ago, then it’s more than large enough to maintain a molten core and still be hot.
Bob makes this claim, but he says nothing about those three other pesky moons that are bigger than Io, nor about the heat in our moon. A major factor in radiative heat loss (meaning heat loss by emitting infra-red light, which is the mechanism almost all orbiting bodies use) is the ratio of how much hot matter is in the moon to the size of the area the heat can be emitted from. (Warning – a smidgeon of mathematics ahead.) The surface area of a sphere (which is the shape moons take) is proportional to the square of the radius. The volume of a sphere is proportional to the cube of the radius. In simple terms this means if one sphere has 2 times the radius that another sphere has, it will have 4 times the surface area and 8 times the volume.

Splattering wildlife​

To illustrate by something familiar to all of us – think of throwing things out of airplanes. Throw out a little teeny bug – a 0.5 mm long wingless bug. (I realize bugs are not spheres, but the ratios of volume and surface area and radius are equally true for objects that are not spherical). This bug has immense surface area, at least compared to its volume (meaning its volume is really small). The bug’s weight is determined by its mass, which is dependent on how much bug there is – in other words – its volume. But the rate at which it falls through the air is determined by how much surface area the bug’s body has for the friction of the air to slow its fall. For the bug, the fall to the ground is an immense imposition on its time, since it drifts down very slowly. Long after being thrown out of the airplane, it finally wafts onto the ground, takes its bearings with it’s bug compass, and starts the long trek back to its bug home.

Let’s throw out something bigger next time – say a mouse. The mouse is 5 cm long (about 2 inches), or 100 times as long as the bug. That means it has about 10,000 times as much body area to slow it’s fall as the bug had, but its volume (and weight) is one million times that of the bug. That means the mouse is going to actually fall, not drift down. But even for the mouse the fall is casual enough that it has a chance to practice several minutes of aerial ballet, and is not seriously worried about any threat to its life from the fall. It may have some sore muscles on hitting the ground, but will probably be little the worse for wear.

But your Siamese cat dove out of the airplane trying to catch the mouse. Bad idea. 6 times the length of the mouse (sans tail) means 36 times the skin area, but also 216 times the weight. The cat looks in disappointment as it plummets past the mouse doing a pirouette. Soon the cat impacts the ground. After a minute it gets its breath back, checks for broken bones (a couple), limps away, and swears off mice as food.

The cat is lucky. The German Shepard that was after the cat was killed when it hit the ground some seconds before the cat hit. And you should never have grown so attached to your dog that you would jump after it. You were killed, and rather messily. Oh, the horse you were riding on that you rode out of the airplane – hardly recognizable as a horse, even a dead one. And your elephant literally splashed. Gore. All over. Gross.

The point of this macabre scenario is that the same mathematics (actually geometry) that is involved in making smaller animals fall more slowly also affects how fast moons would cool. Small things (animals and moons) have big surface area compared to their volume. For small animals that means lots of air friction to slow the fall of the light weight. For small moons that means lots of surface area to radiate the heat of the small moon away. Big animals, relatively little surface area, lots of weight, fall fast. Big moons, relatively little surface area to aid in cooling, lots of hot material inside, stays hot a long time. Or I could have avoided all the above and just said a big round hot rock sitting by itself will cool more slowly than a small one. Big moons stays hotter longer than small ones.

God’s Selective Residual Heat​

The billy-goat gruff of moons is Jupiter’s Ganymede, with a radius of 2631 km. Titan comes in with a radius of 2575 km. Callisto has 2400 km. And then we come to Io’s 1815 km radius. Our moon is close behind, with a radius of 1738 km. Doing the math and seeing how these sizes would affect cooling rates, we find that Ganymede’s cooling rate would be 0.57 times that of Io, Titan’s is 0.59 times that of Io, and Callisto’s is 0.65. Our moon would cool at 1.06 times that of Io. These figures presume similar compositions for the moons, which is not strictly true. But the point is clear, if Io has substantial residual heat from a recent creation, then several other moons should likewise. And they don’t.

I will leave it to Bob to explain why his God chose to play favorites with hot moons and cold moons. But for real science, the answer is known.

5 important facts​

To lay the necessary scientific foundation, I need to briefly discuss some relevant concepts:
1. Io’s Orbital Radius
2. Jupiter’s Gravity
3. Centrifugal Force
4. Balancing Forces

Io’s Orbital Radius​

Io orbits at a distance of 422,000 km from the center of Jupiter. By contrast, our moon orbits at a distance of 384,000 km from the center of the earth. (Of interest, but not of particular import to the point being made, is that even though Io is much farther from Jupiter’s center than our moon is from the earth’s center, yet Io is closer to the surface of Jupiter than our moon is to the earth. This is because Jupiter is really big compared to the earth.) I need to note that the above orbital radii are nominal distances, since both Io and our moon do not travel in perfect circles.

Jupiter’s Gravity​

Jupiter is big, so the strength of Jupiter’s gravity at Io’s distance is about 300 times as strong as the strength of the earth’s gravity at the moon’s distance.

Centrifugal Force​

Centrifugal force is the force that pulls a rotating object away from the center. Centrifugal force increases as the distance from center increases (all else being the same), and it increases as the square of rotational speed.

Balancing Forces​

To maintain its orbit, Io’s centrifugal force must exactly counteract Jupiter’s gravity. Therefore, Io orbits Jupiter 17 times as fast as our moon orbits the earth. Io zips completely around Jupiter in a couple of days. This means Io’s centrifugal force is about 300 times as strong as our moon’s centrifugal force.

But there is an important point to consider here. The distance from the center of Jupiter to the near side of Io is slightly less than the distance to the far side. This means the strength of Jupiter’s gravity on the near side is slightly higher than on the far side.

But at the same time, the far side of Io is feeling a stronger centrifugal force opposing gravity than the near side does. This is because the far side is farther away from Jupiter, yet it orbits Jupiter in the same time as the near side. It is similar to attaching a rock to the end of a string and swinging it around your head. If you let the string out a little but keep turning at the same rate, you will feel more tug on the string.

The differences felt by the near and far sides of Io are also felt by our moon, but since the gravitational field and orbital speeds are so much less, the differences are seldom of import.

Squashing a moon​

This differential of gravitational pull on Io’s near side and centrifugal force on Io’s far side actually pulls Io into a slightly squashed shape.

The Musical moons​

Even on Io, this squashed shape would not be important, except that Io has buddies. Io is the innermost of 4 large moons that circle Jupiter. Io and the next two moons out (Europa and Ganymede) maintain an interesting orbital relationship to each other. While Ganymede, quite a distance from Jupiter, orbits Jupiter once, Europa makes 2 trips around Jupiter, and Io makes 4. These 3 moons maintain a resonance in their orbits, like octaves in music.

Since Io zips around Jupiter the fastest, it is regularly imposing itself between Europa and Jupiter or Ganymede and Jupiter, and then continuing on to the far side of Jupiter and back again. Europa and Ganymede are very small compared to Jupiter, but the gravitational pull they have on Io as it swings under them pulls it very slightly up towards them, and away from Jupiter. Then as Io speeds on, it moves on around Jupiter where the only nearby gravity is Jupiter’s own, so Io is pulled down into its natural orbital distance.

This periodic (every couple of days) tug-of-war that Io undergoes is the source of its heat. Remember that Io is already in a gravitational field 300 times the strength of our moons. So even minor orbital perturbations cause strengthening and lessening of the other tug-or-war between gravity and centrifugal force that distorts Io’s shape. The net result is that Io is constantly being stretched, then relaxed, then stretched, and relaxed.

This constant changing in the forces felt across Io causes a type of tide. To get a feeling for the magnitude of this tide, remember that on earth the ocean tides are normally about a yard high. There are also tides in the land on earth, but they are extremely small (about 0.5 mm or 1/50th inch). But on Io, with no ocean, the tide is strictly on the land, and is the height of a 30-story building, 300 feet. This major incessant stretching and relaxing of the shape of Io generates immense internal frictional heat. This heating of Io has (and will) continue as long as Io’s orbit is oscillating closer to and farther from Jupiter.

Who knew what when?​

Bob portrays NASA as having to come up with some quick excuses when volcanoes were first spotted on Io:
And of course after the fact NASA has to say, “Oh yeah, well, we knew that.” Well they didn’t know that. They had to come up with a reason why it’s still hot.
Bob’s knowledge of scientific history is no better than his understanding of science itself. Did the volcanoes on Io catch the scientific community by surprise? Yeah, some of them, me included. But I, and the vast majority of scientists do not, and can not, keep up with all the expanding frontiers of science. That does not indict the astronomical community, nor NASA. In fact, directly contradicting Bob’s claim was an interesting article that was published in the journal Science and sent to thousands of subscribers, BEFORE the volcanoes were ever seen. This article is in the Mar 2nd issue, 1979. That is about a week before the first voyager spacecraft reached Io and spotted the first volcano. The article is titled “Melting of Io by Tidal Dissipation”. The abstract reads:
The dissipation of tidal energy in Jupiter’s satellite Io is likely to have melted a major fraction of the mass. Consequences of a largely molten interior may be evident in pictures of Io’s surface returned by Voyager I.
Within the body of the article is this:
… one might speculate that widespread volcanism would occur, leading to extensive differentiation and outgassing.
So we have the publication and dissemination of thousands of copies of a major peer-reviewed scientific journal specifically addressing the likelihood of volcanoes on Io, before a single one had ever been seen. How well does that comport with the broadcast claim from a particular pastor that: “And of course after the fact NASA has to say, ‘Oh yeah, well, we knew that.’ Well they didn’t know that. They had to come up with a reason why it’s still hot”? Bob’s claim of ignorance on NASA’s part comes almost a quarter century after the data falsifying it was widely available. Ignorance or intentional deception? You decide.

The Icing on The Cake​

Bob himself turned out to be one of his own worst enemies on this. Because on the BEL recording of May 28, 2003, less than a minute after Bob finished giving his corrupted version of Io’s lunar science, he highly recommended the purchase of a Creationist Book written by a PhD Creationist, Dr. Walt Brown:
If you’re interested in science, creation, Noah’s flood, check out “In the Beginning” by Dr. Walt Brown. It is such a cool book. It is absolutely one of the best creationist books ever written. “In the Beginning” by Dr. Walt Brown, see what you think of that.
I took Bob’s recommendation and padded Dr. Brown’s pocket with a bit of my money. Most interesting. Dr. Brown talks a little about Io and its heat. What does he say? It is caused by tidal interaction with Jupiter. I must admit, it was delicious listening to Bob expound nonsense about Io, then turn right around and give effusive praise to a text from a Christian fundamentalist scientist who disagrees with what Bob just said. The end of a perfect day.
 
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Turbo

Caped Crusader
LIFETIME MEMBER
Hall of Fame
ThePhy said:
Evolutionists = Astrophysicists?​

Note Bob’s hatred of evolution bleeds through into his commentary on Io:
But we flew a, we flew a spaceship out past Io and it took this picture of a volcano erupting on the surface of Io. And that flipped out the evolutionists. Over and over and over they say, “This throws our theories out the window. (emphasis mine)
And
That freaked out the evolutionists, and the evolutionary astronomers…
I would let a single case of the use of the word “evolutionists” in place of astronomers pass as a slip of the tongue. But both times when he is discussing Io Bob makes that silly assertion. (In my experience, most astrophysicists are rather unconcerned with evolution. Most of them think it a viable theory, but the nitty-gritty details they leave to the biologists and geologists and such.)
ThePhy, have you never heard the term cosmic evolution? Not all astrophysicists are of the evolutionary variety, so Bob's terminology was more precise than your recommended correction.
 

novice

Who is the stooge now?
Turbo said:
ThePhy, have you never heard the term cosmic evolution? Not all astrophysicists are of the evolutionary variety, so Bob's terminology was more precise than your recommended correction.
The Phy is like one of those Star Wars nerds that corrects you when you say "Man , that Yoda is a tough little midget."

And then the Phy would say...

"Uhm, actually.... Yoda was not a midget. His species is unknown however, Yoda, the ancient and revered Jedi Master, lived his final years hiding on the swamp planet of Dagobah. Nine hundred years old, Yoda had trained Jedi for eight centuries, and was very powerful in the Force. Among his last pupils were the most important (and reckless) Jedi in recent history, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker.

In the waning days of the Republic, Yoda was a respected senior member of the Jedi Council. Serving alongside such luminaries as Mace Windu and Ki-Adi-Mundi, Yoda was present during the turbulent events that would eventually unravel the centuries-old Republic and seal the fate of the Jedi order.

Yoda served an important role in the Jedi Council. When young Padawans began their first foray into Jedi training, they did so under Yoda's guidance. Many of the Republic's greatest Jedi trained under Yoda when they were children -- schooled in groupings called clans. Once the Jedi hopefuls grew older, approaching their teenage years, they would then be paired to an elder Jedi Knight or Master to continue training one-on-one..... "


And so you interupt him and say.... Well, all righty then! Uh I gotta be somewhere right now. :kookoo:
 

ThePhy

New member
Doublespeak

Doublespeak

Turbo said:
ThePhy, have you never heard the term cosmic evolution? Not all astrophysicists are of the evolutionary variety, so Bob's terminology was more precise than your recommended correction.
Oh yes, I have heard of cosmic evolution. And social evolution. And evolution in artistic styles, and language, and cultures, and and and … So I guess maybe Bob was really referring to sociology, and linguistics, and Picasso, and Marx, and and and …

And if I walk up to each of 500 scientists and ask them what they think of evolution, then what percentage are going to immediately envision some form of Darwin’s ideas in biology– 98% or higher? If you listen to Bob very regularly, he is pretty consistent about what low esteem he has for evolution - biological evolution. If you in fundamentalist religions have to resort to some sort of religious code words that differ from us, then forgive me. Aharvey must be, after all, a stellar astrophysicist as defined in your terms. But to the world where doublespeak is not honored, he is a pretty decent biologist.
 

fool

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Hall of Fame
Great post The Phy.
I would have simply yelled strawman since Bob refers to a general group and asigns them a position without citeing who said it where, when, ect.
But hat's off to you for being the "explaine to everyone the deal with Io" guy.
 

taoist

New member
ThePhy said:
Oh yes, I have heard of cosmic evolution. And social evolution. And evolution in artistic styles, and language, and cultures, and and and … So I guess maybe Bob was really referring to sociology, and linguistics, and Picasso, and Marx, and and and …
Coincidentally, I was speaking to my brother a couple weeks ago and mentioned this odd misuse of the word evolution by assembled creationists and my personal translation of the word out of their codespeak. To them, it means any science that tends to disprove the literaral accuracy of the bible. Pastor Bob, Bob taoist-brudder that is, also a conservative minister opposed to biological evolution, laughed and told me how he was recently at a conference and heard objections to references to literary evolution.

And so it goes.
 

fool

Well-known member
Hall of Fame
Johnny said:
Creationists are so untruthful. The question is whether or not it is deliberate.

Thanks again Phy.
Sorry Johnny, I got to jump on ya for that one.
Any thing that sticks to Bob is not proof against all creationists, there's no need to build strawmen when Bob is so good at it.
 

Turbo

Caped Crusader
LIFETIME MEMBER
Hall of Fame
ThePhy said:
Oh yes, I have heard of cosmic evolution. And social evolution. And evolution in artistic styles, and language, and cultures, and and and … So I guess maybe Bob was really referring to sociology, and linguistics, and Picasso, and Marx, and and and
Only someone who was going out of his way to be a knucklehead would make such an assumption, given the context of Bob's use of the word "evolutionists." That would be as silly as assuming Bob was referring strictly to biological evolutionists.

Words have a range of meaning, and it helps to try to stay on the same page as others. But you go out of your way to misunderstand Bob, and it demonstrates your hostility and bias toward him.

Besides, don't the overwhelming majority or cosmic evolutionist astrophysics also believe in biological evolution? And don't the overwhelming majority of evolutionary biologists also believe in cosmic evolution?


ThePhy, are you an evolutionist?


If Bob had substituted the word "evolutionists" with "scientists," would you have likewise complained?

My guess is you wouldn't, because you regularly use words like "scientific" and "scientists" when you really mean "naturalistic" and "evolutionist scientists," as if only naturalistic evolutionists are scientists. You are as guilty of "doublespeak" as anyone. That's why you say that Bob should have said "astrophysicists" instead of "evolutionists." But not all astrophysicists are evolutionists, and Bob was only speaking of those who are.

If you listen to Bob very regularly, he is pretty consistent about what low esteem he has for evolution - biological evolution.
His esteem for cosmic evolution is likewise low. Surely that isn't news to you.
 

taoist

New member
What part of "Bob was dead wrong about Io" are you having trouble with, Turbo? What part of the fact the source he uses for backup directly contradicts him? There's no hiding it! All the bluster in the world won't hide this size 10 boot clogging Bob's teeth. He's busted.
 

fool

Well-known member
Hall of Fame
Turbo; I got to side with Taoist about your post being all bluster.
You can do better.
 

Johnny

New member
Sorry Johnny, I got to jump on ya for that one.
Any thing that sticks to Bob is not proof against all creationists
I agree, somewhat. But I am of the firm conviction that in order to be a creationist and speak about the evidence for your position you must, at some point, be untruthful to yourself or to others.
 
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novice

Who is the stooge now?
ThePhy, taoist, fool and Johnny I invite one or all of you to cal Bob and rebuke him of this heinous error. After all, Bob is on the air Monday through Friday from 3PM (MDT) to 3:30PM.
 

ThePhy

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Malfunctioning Turbo

Malfunctioning Turbo

From Turbo:
Only someone who was going out of his way to be a knucklehead would make such an assumption, given the context of Bob's use of the word "evolutionists." That would be as silly as assuming Bob was referring strictly to biological evolutionists.
Turbo, I got to thinking, maybe you are right. Bob specifically says (on two separate occasions) that it was “evolutionists” that were surprised by the volcanoes on Io. In the first program, in fact, that was the only name he used for the group that he claims was so surprised. So I just wandered over to my astrophysics shelf. Did a touch of searching in primary literature. “Astrophysical Concepts” by Harwit (over 500 pages), makes mention of the evolving universe. But that apparently substandard college text in the course of hundreds of references to astronomers and astrophysicists didn’t see fit to refer to evolutionists anywhere. “Galaxies”, by Shapley, failed to mention evolution in any form. “Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics”, by Smith and Jacobs (over 500 pages), talks about stellar evolution in several places. And again missed out on what must be the proper terminology for the people that study stellar evolution. Not one of my books even uses the more generic term “evolutionary astronomers” that Bob bandies about. I could keep going, but instead, how about you (or Bob) providing just one regular Collegiate level Astrophysics book that uses the term “evolutionists” or “evolutionary astronomers” for the astronomers that study evolution in the stellar world. Just one. Please? Show that's it not just a term that Bob has adopted to mock with.
Words have a range of meaning, and it helps to try to stay on the same page as others. But you go out of your way to misunderstand Bob, and it demonstrates your hostility and bias toward him.
Bias? Bias towards Bob? What? Surely you jest. You think I might hold a bias towards someone that has more than a ten-year history of almost daily addressing the public through the media, and has used that again and again to mock and twist the very science that is the foundation of the technology he surrounds himself with? I am mortified, you have maligned me.
Besides, don't the overwhelming majority or cosmic evolutionist astrophysics also believe in biological evolution? And don't the overwhelming majority of evolutionary biologists also believe in cosmic evolution?
Do you, Turbo really subscribe to what you are saying? Have you subjugated your personal ideals to Bob so deeply that you are willing to twist words and meanings in lock step with him?
ThePhy, are you an evolutionist?
Yes, and so are you, unless you think there has been no evolution of ideas or art or cultures or languages. If you mean am I a supporter of evolution, yes again. But to therefore use that term for me in my professional world is deceptive silliness.
But not all astrophysicists are evolutionists, and Bob was only speaking of those who are.
Pure unadulterated hogwash. He used that term, and that term only in the program from 2001 above. In that account he says they had to throw all their theories out the window as a result. Do you really mean he was talking only about those astronomers who happened to also think biological evolution was true? And those astronomers who do not subscribe to biological evolution were nonplussed, they are the ones that had the Io thing in hand all along?
His esteem for cosmic evolution is likewise low. Surely that isn't news to you.
No, you are right there. That’s one thing the government can never go after Bob for – he is an equal-opportunity mocker of whatever science he doesn’t want to believe in.
 

taoist

New member
fool called in within the last week, novice. ThePhy's got no reason to do more than rest on his laurels. Johnny's got too much sense. Personally, considering my work experience, I've got every reason I need to avoid helping Bob out with a call. I don't bother working a problem that's already solved.

Besides, Bob's seen this thread. He was online until 9pm eastern time.

If Bob wants to bump his Arbitron numbers, he can find another stooge. Call him yourself if you're looking for an answer.
 
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