Masks and respirators do not work.There have been extensive randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies, and meta-analysis reviews of RCT studies, which all show that masks and respirators do not work to prevent respiratory influenza-like illnesses, or respiratory illnesses believed to be transmitted by droplets and aerosol particles.Furthermore, the relevant known physics and biology, which I review, are such that masks and respirators should not work. It would be a paradox if masks and respirators worked, given what we know about viral respiratory diseases: The main transmission path is long-residence-time aerosol particles(<2.5μm), which are too fine to be blocked, and the minimum-infective-dose is smaller than one aerosol particle. The present paper about masks illustrates the degree to which governments, the mainstream media, and institutional propagandists can decide to operate in a science vacuum, or select only incomplete science that serves their interests. Such recklessness is also certainly the case with the current global lockdown of over 1 billion people, an unprecedented experiment in medical and political history.
Review of the Medical Literature
Here are key anchor points to the extensive scientific literature that establishes that wearing surgical masks and respirators (e.g., “N95”) does not reduce the risk of contracting a verified illness:
Jacobs, J. L. et al. (2009)“Use of surgical face masks to reduce the incidence of the common cold among health care workers in Japan: A randomized controlled trial”, American Journal of Infection Control, Volume 37, Issue 5, 417 -419.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216002N95-masked health-care workers (HCW) were significantly more likely to experience headaches. Face mask use in HCW was not demonstrated to provide benefit in terms of cold symptoms or getting colds.
Cowling, B.et al. (2010)“Face masks to prevent transmission of influenza virus: A systematic review”,Epidemiology and Infection, 138(4), 449-456. doi:10.1017/S0950268809991658https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/face-masks-to-prevent-transmission-of-influenza-virus-a-systematic-review/64D368496EBDE0AFCC6639CCC9D8BC05None of the studies reviewed showed a benefit from wearing a mask, in either HCW or community members in households (H). See summary Tables 1 and 2 therein
bin-Reza et al. (2012)“The use of masks and respirators to prevent transmission of influenza: a systematic review of the scientific evidence”, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses6(4), 257–267.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00307.x“There were 17 eligible studies.... None of the studies established a conclusive relationship between mask ⁄ respirator use and protection against influenza infection.
Smith, J.D. et al. (2016)“Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis”, CMAJMar 2016, cmaj.150835; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.150835https://www.cmaj.ca/content/188/8/567“We identified 6 clinical studies... In the meta-analysis of the clinical studies, we found no significant difference between N95 respirators and surgical masks in associated risk of (a) laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection,(b) influenza-like illness,or (c) reported work-place absenteeism.”
Offeddu, V. et al. (2017)“Effectiveness of Masks and Respirators Against Respiratory Infections in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue 11, 1 December 2017, Pages 1934–1942, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix681https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/65/11/1934/4068747“Self-reported assessment of clinical outcomes was prone to bias.Evidence of a protective effect of masks or respirators against verified respiratory infection (VRI)was not statistically significant”; as per Fig. 2c therein
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Radonovich, L.J. et al. (2019)“N95 Respirators vs Medical Masks for Preventing Influenza Among Health Care Personnel: A Randomized Clinical Trial”,JAMA. 2019;322(9):824–833. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.11645https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2749214“Among 2862 randomized participants, 2371 completed the study and accounted for 5180 HCW-seasons.... Among outpatient health care personnel, N95 respirators vs medical masks as worn by participants in this trial resulted in no significant difference in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza.”
Long, Y. et al. (2020)“Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza: A systematic review and meta‐analysis”,J Evid Based Med.2020; 1‐ 9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12381https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jebm.12381“A total of six RCTs involving 9 171 participants were included. There were no statistically significant differences in preventing laboratory‐confirmed influenza, laboratory‐confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory‐confirmed respiratory infection and influenza-like illness using N95 respirators and surgical masks. Meta‐analysis indicated a protective effect of N95respirators against laboratory‐confirmed bacterial colonization(RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.43‐0.78). The
use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not associated with a lower risk of laboratory‐confirmed influenza.”
Conclusion Regarding that Masks Do Not Work
No RCT study with verified outcome shows a benefit for HCW or community members in householdsto wearing a mask or respirator. There is no such study. There are no exceptions.Likewise, no study exists that shows a benefit from a broad policy to wear masks in public (more on this below). Furthermore, if there were any benefit to wearing a mask, because of theblocking power against droplets and aerosol particles, then there should be more benefit from wearing a respirator(N95)compared to a surgical mask, yet several large meta-analyses, and all the RCT, prove that there is no such relative benefit.Masks and respirators do not work.
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