ARCHIVE: Open Theism part 1

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Clete

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bling said:
Clete, you’re not going to get logical thinkers to say, “Just because God somehow knows your future free will moral decisions, you can not be held accountable for making those decisions.” If those decisions are your decisions then you can be held accountable for making them. We are talking about God’s knowledge and what God could possible do. Just because we can not explain how does not mean it would be impossible, like any other miracle.
And so now justice is a miracle?

Look Bling, you can't have it both ways. God is either just or He is not. You either choose your actions freely, which means you could have chosen otherwise, or you could not have chosen otherwise and you didn't choose freely. I CANNOT BE BOTH! If you want to just blow off sound reason then admit that your theology is irrational and that you don't really have any good reason for believing what you do but you just believe it and that's it. Don't pretend like your theology makes perfect sense when you know for a fact that it does not. Either confront the sound reason that has been presented to you or admit that you cannot or that you don't want too and then live with the consequences of that decision.

I'm just so sick and tired of this "miracle" cop-out! Where in the Bible are we shown that God ever did anything that was a rational absurdity? If all dogs have teeth and Spaniels are dogs, do you think it possible that for God Spaniels have no teeth? Is God able to blind you with yellow darkness? Can God move an immovable object or resist an irresistible force? Can God make one dimensional spheres? Can God tell a lie that's true or proclaim a truth that's false?

What else are you prepared to accept on the basis of the "miracle" trump card, Bling? Where should we draw the line? Who gets to decide where that line gets drawn? How is your theology not relegated to pure subjective opinion when you accept irrational doctrines to persist within it? Logic is the only tool we have to know who's doctrines are correct and who's aren't. Every theologian that ever existed would tell you that their theology is Biblical but there is no way that they can all claim to be BOTH Biblical and rational. And any intellectually honest man should be looking at all times to find anything within his theology that can be demonstrated to be false by, as Martin Luther put it, "Scripture and plain reason". There is no other avenue by which the truth can be reached. Depart from it and you will wonder forever in the waste land of subjective opinions where everyone does what it right in their own eyes.

Resting in Him,
Clete
 

themuzicman

Well-known member
Knight said:
Knowing current thoughts does not require exhaustive foreknowledge. For God to know what we are thinking it would require EXHAUSTIVE current knowledge and nobody denies God can know everything knowable that He chooses to know.

I wish SOOOOOOO badly that you would try to grasp the difference between knowledge, foreknowledge, and EXHAUSTIVE foreknowledge. It would make these discussions far more fruitful.

Knowledge of all possible courses of the future would be exhaustive, but not definite.

Muz
 

Philetus

New member
Think like a Calvinist :stuck:

Talk like an Arminian :idunno:

Live like an Open Theist :granite:

No wonder the world doesn’t listen
 

godrulz

Well-known member
Hall of Fame
themuzicman said:
Knowledge of all possible courses of the future would be exhaustive, but not definite.

Muz


Calvinist Edwards would simply assume exhaustive foreknowledge. Since it is God's alone (in his mind), it is DIVINE. The modern open theism debate involves modal logic. The technical issues about necessitites, contingencies, certainties, possibilities, probabilities, etc. relate to definite (actual/certain) vs indefinite (possible/probable/contingent) knowledge. Exhaustive definite foreknowledge presupposes a settled future (Calvinists due to determinism; Arminianism due to free will supposedly, but simple foreknowledge). The Open View distinguishes the two motifs of some of the future settled and known as definite vs some of the future unsettled and known as possible or indefinite. EdefiniteF is the EDF you will find in academic circles debating Open Theism vs traditional views. There is a popular level of discussion like TOL and Gregory Boyd's lay books. There is another level of philosophical, logical discussion, even in secular circles relating to these issues that becomes technical, mathematical, and beyond the scope of most of us. I would not uncritically accept the traditional view in light of the difficult issues that have been wrestled with for centuries relating to this topic (not a big interest in all of church history when more essential truths were under attack, but still important nonetheless...it is also not just a modern debate with Clark Pinnock's first book, etc. The debate did take place in church history, including the 1800s with Lorenzo McCabe (Methodist) and Adam Clarke, etc.).

http://www.opentheism.info/pages/questions/traq/tradition_02.php

Who held the view in church history?
 

godrulz

Well-known member
Hall of Fame
Philetus said:
Think like a Calvinist :stuck:

Talk like an Arminian :idunno:

Live like an Open Theist :granite:

No wonder the world doesn’t listen


Good point. Even determinists live as if the future is open and partially unsettled. Let's leave fatalism for Islam, not Christianity. We can make a difference with God in this world. Things are not fatalistically fixed. Prayer does change us and circumstances.

You are getting wise in your old age saying more in a sentence than you used to to in a paragraph. How about getting back in the saddle and engaging us with your brilliant insights with longer responses too? :third:
 

Lon

Well-known member
godrulz said:
http://www.opentheism.info/ This and other books about the debate use 'definite'. Sounds like you are right about Edwards 'divine'. This was not in the context of modern debate on Open Theism. So, we are both right, with your term being older and more specific to Edwards' views.

Thanks for taking the time to research. It helps for context, and current debate to recognize the two differing accrostics.

EDF Exhaustive Divnine Foreknowledge (past historical debate)
EDF Exhaustive Definite Foreknowledge (current debate terms)
 

elected4ever

New member
Knight said:
If ya like you can keep going in reverse for an eternity and you will always get the same answer. It's not until v12 that God says.... "for now I know".
Genesis 22:11 *¶And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I.
12 *And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me.

How convenenent to leave out verse 11. You apparantly do not know the difference between the Lord and His angle. If it was the Lord interacting don't you think the writer of Genesis would have said so.
 

godrulz

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Hall of Fame
elected4ever said:
Genesis 22:11 *¶And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I.
12 *And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me.

How convenenent to leave out verse 11. You apparantly do not know the difference between the Lord and His angle. If it was the Lord interacting don't you think the writer of Genesis would have said so.


THE ANGEL of the Lord is a theophany, the pre-incarnate Christ, God Himself. This is well accepted by biblical scholars. Context determines whether it is a created angel, or THE Angel of the Lord, a title for a manifestation of God. God also said in Genesis, etc. the same thing about other issues. Non-Open Theists recognize this but say it is an anthropomorphism.

Note Gen. 22:15 "The Angel of the Lord called from heaven....I swear by MYSELF, declares the LORD (YHWH= GOD, not an angel)..." Angel is a messenger. Jesus was a man, but also God. The preincarnate Christ was a messenger (angel), but not a created angel. Angel of the Lord is one title of God Himself as a theophany, the preincarnate Christ.
 

Philetus

New member
godrulz said:
Good point. Even determinists live as if the future is open and partially unsettled. Let's leave fatalism for Islam, not Christianity. We can make a difference with God in this world. Things are not fatalistically fixed. Prayer does change us and circumstances.

You are getting wise in your old age saying more in a sentence than you used to to in a paragraph. How about getting back in the saddle and engaging us with your brilliant insights with longer responses too? :third:

Thanks, but I'm buried in research right now; trying to change the face of Christianity :chuckle: .

Besides, you guys are doing a great job! I've enjoyed reading this thread again.
I've enjoyed reading this thread again. I've enjoyed reading this thread again!
(It's getting to me.)

BTW, good insight on the shift from divine to definitely exhausting foreknowledge; even though the future doesn't exist as knowable; only as determinable. Like a definite maybe.
1. capable of being determined: able to be worked out, decided, or found 2. able to be ended: able to be terminated ( technical )
 

elected4ever

New member
godrulz said:
THE ANGEL of the Lord is a theophany, the pre-incarnate Christ, God Himself. This is well accepted by biblical scholars. Context determines whether it is a created angel, or THE Angel of the Lord, a title for a manifestation of God. God also said in Genesis, etc. the same thing about other issues. Non-Open Theists recognize this but say it is an anthropomorphism.

Note Gen. 22:15 "The Angel of the Lord called from heaven....I swear by MYSELF, declares the LORD (YHWH= GOD, not an angel)..." Angel is a messenger. Jesus was a man, but also God. The preincarnate Christ was a messenger (angel), but not a created angel. Angel of the Lord is one title of God Himself as a theophany, the preincarnate Christ.
Reference conveniently left out. There is no reason to think that this was a theopheny.Genesis 22:15 *¶And the angel of the LORD called unto Abraham out of heaven the second time,
16 *And said, By myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son: The Angle delivered the message that God had given to him. That does not say that the Angel was God. The angel did what an angel does , deliver a message. twice
 

Philetus

New member
God is omnicapable of determining any aspect of the future he cares to.

Because God has created significant others with considerable ‘say so’, he doesn’t, won’t, can’t, determine everything.


"Hey, angel #234,872, go find out what I already know." God.
 

Nathon Detroit

LIFETIME MEMBER
LIFETIME MEMBER
elected4ever said:
Genesis 22:11 *¶And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I.
12 *And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me.

How convenenent to leave out verse 11. You apparantly do not know the difference between the Lord and His angle. If it was the Lord interacting don't you think the writer of Genesis would have said so.
Put your reading glasses back on, I didn't leave out verse 11.
 

Clete

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Silver Subscriber
mitchellmckain said:
You seem to under the foolish delusion that people communicate whenever they talk. People talk past each other all the time. Most of the time that is exactly why they get upset. The point where they realize that they have been talking about competely different things is when communication finally begins. If you consider reaching that point to be a waste of time, then you have no interest in communication. For my part, this is whole point of these discussion forums.

It is also possible that you are interested in communication but that like me you do not handle fustration very well.




Well if you are going to insist that you know what I know better than I know it myself and refuse to listen me on this matter, then communication is clearly an impossibility.

But let me make a few things perfectly clear. The topic of this thread is Open Theism and if you wish to discuss something else the burden is on you to explain what that is. I know perfectly well what I was talking about, but your reponse here tells me that I have not understood your questions as you intended. All I can do is try to second guess what you might be talking about when I consider your questions in the future.




Who is stupider the person who keeps trying to explain himself better and keeps trying to figure out what the other person is talking about, or the person who just decides to call the other person stupid?
First of all let me say that I had not simply ignored this post. I got busy and was unable to respond right away and then ended up forgetting exactly which thread this discussion was in and then the other day all you guys went into chat mode and next thing I knew I was forty posts behind and I had nearly forgotten that we were even discussing this stuff.

Having said that, let me respond to the whole of the above quoted portion of your post by saying that I do get very frustrated when I feel like someone has wasted my time. It happens a very great deal around here and it has been happening even more than usual during the past several weeks. However, judging from this response, it seems clear that it was not your intention to be playing silly word games as it at first seemed to me that you must have been doing. My apologies for having jumped to the wrong conclusion.

I am frankly rather wary of answering this question that is so much like the others. The hostility of your responses puts me on my guard and make me wonder what is the point of these question?
The questions follow logically from your having objected to debates on the basis that things cannot be proven. It is my intention to demonstrate that it is not possible to remain consistent with that worldview.

Therefore, if you are talking about personal methods of making decisions, then I must insist that you explain your methods first.
I rely on two things and two things only, both of which combine to create the most objective means possible of determining truth (particularly doctrinal truth), those two things being Scripture and sound reason.

But while I must make judgements on many issues for myself in order to make decisions in my life, I do not put my faith in these decisions. I put my faith in God. In other words, I do the best that I can, with faith that God will guide me in a manner that is in accordance with His will. And this does NOT mean that I assume that my decisions are more correct that those of others. My faith is only that God has my sanctification in His hands according to His plan, whether it is to teach me through my errors or otherwise. I, therefore, leave it up to God to judge which interpretations are "MORE CORRECT".
This is question begging. You say you make judgments but that you have faith in God rather than in those judgments. You seem to miss the fact that this attitude is itself a judgment that you've made.
Let me state it another way. You say that your faith is "only that God has my sanctification in His hands according to His plan, whether it is to teach me through my errors or otherwise." HOW DO YOU KNOW THIS TO BE TRUE?
And just to be clear, I am not denying that it is true, I am only asking you how do you know it's true. Do you know? Or is it that you believe that belief is not the same as knowing?

You never said you were talking about the validity of Biblical interpretation. You asked, "Are you saying that theology is just a subjective matter of opinion?" To that I answered yes. Apparently to you that means that Biblical interpretation has no validity.
That is precisely what it means. I couldn't care less what your opinion is. I don't know you from Adam. As far as I know, you've got child porn pulled up on a second web browser as you read this (not that I actually think that you do, the point is simply that I don't know you.) I am very simply not interested (generally speaking) in what your opinions are. What I am interested in is what you can establish as objective truth. Do you even believe there is such a thing?

You seem to think that only that which is objective is valid, but I do not share that opinion.
Who cares whether you "share that opinion"?
I understand that the point of this sentence what to attempt to cast my position as merely my opinion but I don't care about that either. Saying it doesn't make it so, Mitchel. Your having called my position an opinion doesn't make it one. Besides, you have mischaracterized my position here anyway. It is not my position that in order to be valid, an interpretation must be purely objective. On the contrary, absolutely pure objectivity is not possible. But what is possible is for us to use the tools God gave us to remain as objective as it is possible to be and to be diligent to separate opinion from fact and to be honest enough to acknowledge the difference between the two.

In short, rather that saying that only the objective is valid, I would say simply that the objective is superior to the subjective. And no, that is not an opinion, that is a fact. I do not merely believe that objective truth supersedes opinions, I know that it does. The alternative is irrational.

It is clear that we do not think the same way. Perhaps a habit of calling people who think differently than you do stupid has limited your realization of the basic fact that people do think in vastly different ways even when they come to the same conclusion.
There is a difference between someone who holds a different opinion and someone who is intentionally irrational. The latter is stupid.

I find it sad that you consider overcoming temptation and quoting our Lord Jeus to be lunacy.
Doing so in the context you did it in is sort of loony.
First of all, Satan had nothing to do with it. Secondly, you completely missed the point altogether and were in no danger of sinning in the first place. Thirdly, there is no Biblical precedent for you to take the Lord's words for your own in that sort of context in the first place. Satan, despite whatever raving lunatic has taught you otherwise, does not answer to you. People can be every bit as evil as Satan ever thought about being and they don't click their heels every time the name of Christ is uttered, why do you suppose Satan would?

(Answering that question will almost certainly take us into a discussion about Dispensationalism and the differences between the Body of Christ and Israel. If you choose just to let that sleeping dog lie, I won't be offended by your lack of response.)

I do keep trying to get over myself. I thought that is what I was doing. But for some of us arrogant ignorant slobs the road to becoming conformed to our Lord and Savior is a long one.
Indeed! No longer than mine though, I'm sure.

Resting in Him,
Clete
 

mitchellmckain

New member
Clete said:
However, judging from this response, it seems clear that it was not your intention to be playing silly word games as it at first seemed to me that you must have been doing. My apologies for having jumped to the wrong conclusion.
I too, in the past, have come to the conclusion that the other person was playing games of some sort. However, nothing subsequently occured to change this conclusion. But I have no way of knowing whether this was actually intentional or that we just could not find a way of communicating with each other. Few people realize that just because two people speak English does not mean that they speak the same language.



Clete said:
The questions follow logically from your having objected to debates on the basis that things cannot be proven. It is my intention to demonstrate that it is not possible to remain consistent with that worldview.
Well I envision terrible difficulties between us in your determination to pursue that effort. But do remember that I have qualified that statement somewhat to say that it is only that most (not all) things cannot be proven.

But please consider comparing what you are saying here to the fact that it has been absolutely mathematically proven that it is impossible to prove that mathematics is consistent.



Clete said:
I rely on two things and two things only, both of which combine to create the most objective means possible of determining truth (particularly doctrinal truth), those two things being Scripture and sound reason.
I would consider that impossible. Scripture cannot be read without understanding the words. And words only have meaning in the context of the totality of our experiences in life. I therefore, consider it essential to "sound reason" that one must not pretend that this is not the case but in fact realize that all that we learn and experience in this gift from God that we call life are part of the tools that we must use in understanding the meaning of scripture. Scripture itself is the only thing with authority, our understanding of scriture has no authority whatsoever.



Clete said:
This is question begging. You say you make judgments but that you have faith in God rather than in those judgments. You seem to miss the fact that this attitude is itself a judgment that you've made.
Let me state it another way. You say that your faith is "only that God has my sanctification in His hands according to His plan, whether it is to teach me through my errors or otherwise." HOW DO YOU KNOW THIS TO BE TRUE?
By faith, pure and simple. The Bible itself calls us to that faith. Not very logical is it? Logic will not help you here. Reason and logic are only tools, to make them your master is foolish.



Clete said:
And just to be clear, I am not denying that it is true, I am only asking you how do you know it's true. Do you know? Or is it that you believe that belief is not the same as knowing?
Faith is an important factor in all knowlege - ALL knowledge. Because uncertainty is basic fact of human existence. In order not to be paralyzed by that uncertainty, we make a choice to put our faith in certain things and live our lives as if they were true despite uncertainty. It is not the same as just guessing, because faith often creates what we have faith in. Love is one of the most obvious examples. We cannot love unless we put our faith in love, but that very faith creates the very love in which we put our faith. Trust is similar. It is one of the essential messages of Christianity that the faith we have in salvation through Christ is the same. Our very faith in salvation plays a role in creating it. Don't get me wrong here. Salvation is a work of God alone. But its essence is a relationship with God and unless we believe and have faith in that relationship then it cannot exist.



Clete said:
That is precisely what it means. I couldn't care less what your opinion is. I don't know you from Adam. As far as I know, you've got child porn pulled up on a second web browser as you read this (not that I actually think that you do, the point is simply that I don't know you.) I am very simply not interested (generally speaking) in what your opinions are. What I am interested in is what you can establish as objective truth. Do you even believe there is such a thing?
Obviously you have a great antipathy for the word opinion which I do not share. So let me short-circuit all this hostility and an explain my opinion in regards to this matter.

I would guess that one of the difference between the way we think is that my thinking is largely phenomenological. In other words my understanding of reality refuses to ignore how that reality is perceived. Thus it is my thinking that human experience of existence is primarily subjective. This idea of that which is objective is an abstract construction derived from the confirmation that certain aspects of our experience are shared by others.

Science restricts itself to this abstract construction alone by requiring all observations, by which it tests its hypotheses, to be confirmed by the observations of others. However, I think that it is clear that this methodology excludes a great deal of reality, imposing upon the scientific view of the world a rather severe sort of tunnel vision. In other word, I firmly believe that their are aspects of reality which are NOT objectively observable. God is one of these things.

Atheists love to get their opponents to accept the presumption that only that which is objective is worth consideration, because then they have all the advantages including being able justify the conclusion that science is the only valid means for discovering the truth. But I certainly would not grant them any such thing.



Clete said:
On the contrary, absolutely pure objectivity is not possible. But what is possible is for us to use the tools God gave us to remain as objective as it is possible to be and to be diligent to separate opinion from fact and to be honest enough to acknowledge the difference between the two.
Well this is a slightly different use of the word objectivity, but I think it is still a mistake to use it in this context. Objectivity is an ideal to strive for when making public decisions and when mediating between people. But I don't think this is the word you want to use in understanding the totality of reality. Ones personal experience and feelings are not irrelevent when considering ones relationship with God. Frankly I cannot see that using this word in this context as anything but a barely veiled pretext for disparaging other peoples points of view. I typically hear atheists do this, so I suspect you have been learning from the wrong teachers.


Clete said:
In short, rather that saying that only the objective is valid, I would say simply that the objective is superior to the subjective. And no, that is not an opinion, that is a fact. I do not merely believe that objective truth supersedes opinions, I know that it does. The alternative is irrational.
And chocolate is superior to vanilla. Get real. People say things like this in order to give their preference some absolute validity. It makes a fundmental confusion between yourself and God. Everything in the world does not line up on a single linear scale to judge according to what is better than the other. The objective has its merits and the subjective has its merits.

Calling something opionion doesn't make it false and calling something fact doesn't make it true.



Clete said:
There is a difference between someone who holds a different opinion and someone who is intentionally irrational. The latter is stupid.
And there is a difference between the proper use of reason and stupidly limiting yourself to reason alone, completely blind to fact that reason relies on premises which reason cannot supply.



Clete said:
Doing so in the context you did it in is sort of loony. First of all, Satan had nothing to do with it.
But clearly this perception arises because of your presumptions about our communication were false. I peceived your challenges as a tempation to back away from my ideals. Read about Jesus' use of this same phrase to Peter. I do not think it means that Peter was possessed. That is unreasonable.

A large part of our misunderstanding has do with your attitude that you have the right to dictate how the Bible must interpreted let alone tell me what my own thoughts must be. Jesus was clearly an example to be followed and you are being heretical in your rejection of this aspect of the Christian experience. So this lunatic is calling you a heretic!
 
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Lon

Well-known member
patman said:
Here ye Here Ye S.V.er's

I found a perfect analogy to the settled view.


These guys:

crazy -> :kookoo: chronically ill -> :vomit: chronically happy -> :chuckle:

Why? These little guys also have settled futures. They are forever locked in their ways, they will never be able to bring themselves out of their condition.

Their Animator on a higher plane of existence has set forth their ways, tho they animate on their own.

So when you think of your life, think of it as you being stuck, like this dude -> :stuck:

And tough luck if you are him :vomit: as opposed to him :chuckle:

Because God wont change anything.. having a perfectly known future is more important than loving and compassion..

"they will never be able to bring themselves out of their condition." There is a truth there.

Phi 1:6 being confident of this very thing, that He who has begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ,

Phi 1:9 And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more and more in full knowledge and in all perception;
Phi 1:10 that you may distinguish between things that differ, that you may be sincere and without offense until the day of Jesus Christ,
Phi 1:11 being filled with the fruits of righteousness through Jesus Christ, to the glory and praise of God.

Eph 2:10a For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus

1Co 7:40b and I think that I too have the Spirit of God
 

Lon

Well-known member
Clete said:
I rely on two things and two things only, both of which combine to create the most objective means possible of determining truth (particularly doctrinal truth), those two things being Scripture and sound reason.
I was reading over the posts but this greatly caught my eye.

mitchellmckain said:
Scripture itself is the only thing with authority, our understanding of scriture has no authority whatsoever.

This too didn't escape notice. I believe something is missing from both.

(btw, nobody asked me but I thought there was an element here missing that would actually unite you).
 

elected4ever

New member
Knight said:
Put your reading glasses back on, I didn't leave out verse 11.
My apologies Knight. You did mention verse 11 and ascribe that verse to God when clearly it was not. I had previously only read the big, blue and bold highhlight at the bottom. You are still wrong. :yawn:
 

Nathon Detroit

LIFETIME MEMBER
LIFETIME MEMBER
elected4ever said:
My apologies Knight. You did mention verse 11 and ascribe that verse to God when clearly it was not. I had previously only read the big, blue and bold highhlight at the bottom. You are still wrong. :yawn:
Of course I must be wrong! After all.... you said so.
 

mitchellmckain

New member
Lonster said:
I was reading over the posts but this greatly caught my eye.



This too didn't escape notice. I believe something is missing from both.

(btw, nobody asked me but I thought there was an element here missing that would actually unite you).

Well I certainly mispoke (this time), and perhaps that is what you are refering to. I am usually at pains to explain that God is the ultimate authority and the source of the authority of scripture as well. But I suspect that the real source of trouble between Clete and myself lies in the difference between the traditional doctrine of Sola Scriptura

Wikipedia said:
Sola scriptura (Latin ablative, "by scripture alone") is the assertion that the Bible as God's written word is self-authenticating, clear (perspicuous) to the rational reader, its own interpreter ("Scripture interprets Scripture"), and sufficient of itself to be the only source of Christian doctrine.

and the only version of "Sola Scriptura" that I accept which is simply that the Bible is the only authority given into the hands of men for the determination of the truth. This is basically little more than a denial of the apostolic authority claimed by the Mormons and the Catholic churches.

This difference between these is sufficient to make a clear distinction between my approach to the Bible and the fundamentalist approach to the Bible. For the fundamentalist, the Bible is not only, the only authority in the hands of men, but the Bible also admits only one possible interpretation. I however, am a pluralist, not only in regards to ethics but also in regards to Biblical interpretation. I actually believe that God is a God of confusion as exemplified in Genesis chapter 11, and that diversity serves the will of God.
 
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